INTERNET, E-MAIL AND ITS SERVICES WITH ACCESS

INTRODUCTION

When people felt necessity of sharing information, files, programs, hardware and communicating among the stand-along computers within a room or a building they started connecting their computers together which gave rise to LAN. After setting up LANs, they started connecting many LANs together to receive or send information, files, programs and messages from a computer of a LAN to another computer on the another LAN. As they felt the importance of network, they did not stop here; they started connecting computers of groups of LANs in cities, countries and continents. In this way, a large network of computers are formed which is known as Internet. Internet is the network of networks. Internet is the largest network of computers in the world. The Internet, also known as Net, is a technology which connects millions of computers across the world by means of cables, telephones lines or wireless communication media. The millions of server computers on the Internet provide the information on countless tropics, video clips, program files etc. to the client computers. The computers (clients) connected with the internet can do the following tasks:
a) Internet can easily access the information on different topics.
b) Internet can send and receive message using e-mail facility.
c) Internet can purchase goods like books, digital items and many other products on the internet.
d) Internet can send instant messages.
e) Internet will get the latest news of different TV channels.
f) Internet can watch movies and listen to songs.
g) Internet can play games online with different persons/players sitting in different parts of the world.

TYPES OF INTERNET ACCESS
There are two types of Internet Access.
i. Dedicated Internet Access.
ii. Dial-Up Access.

Dedicated Internet Access allows you to remain connected with the internet 24 hours a day. That manes your computer is always ready to use the internet facilities.

Dial-Up Access allows you to connect with the internet whenever you feel necessity of the internet facilities. That means it is not on line like dedicated internet access. You need modem and telephone line for this type on connection.

You will get internet services from an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Nepal Telecommunication (NTC), World Link (Wlink), Mercantile, Namchhe etc, are some ISP of Nepal.

CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET
You can connect to the internet if you have following things.
• Web Browser on the computer.
• Internet Account.
• Modem, telephone line.
• Cable internet line or Radio modem

Connecting to the Internet using Dial-Up Access
In order to use services of the Internet, you need to log on to the Internet first. To log on to the Internet having dialup account, follow these steps:
a. Click on My Network Place. It displays Network Tasks pane.
b. Click on View network connections. It displays list of available network connections
Or
Click on Start button, point to Connect To and select connection name.
c. Double click the connection. It opens Connection dialog box.
d. Supply User name and Password.
e. Click on Dial button. Once dialing is finished, it verifies user name and password. After the verification is done, you will see the internet icon on the task bar.

This means that you are now logged on to the internet.

Disconnecting Internet
Once you finish your work in the internet you need to disconnect from it. To disconnect from the internet, follow these steps.
- Right click on the internet icon on the task bar.
- Click on Disconnect button.


SERVICES OF INTERNET
The Internet provides the following services to the client computers.
1. WWW
2. E-mail
3. Chat
4. Video Conference
5. Downloading
6. E-commerce

1. World Wide Web (WWW)
Web, is one of the services provided by internet. The WWW is the service that provides information on various topics using text, pictures, audios, videos and animations. The different topics of information on the Web are stored under a name called Web Site. A Web Site contains the information about some particular topics or subjects. And a web site can have many pages of information, just like a book has many pages of information. Each page of information is known as Web page. In a web page, information is presented by using text, audio, video, images, animations and hyperlinks. A web page is also known as HTML document.

All web pages of a web site are stored in a web server that hosts the web sites. Each web site is identified by the internet address or URL (Uniform Resource Locator). www.nepalisongs.com, www.cnet.net, www.fusad.com, www.ntc.net.np, www.tuexam.edu.np etc. To display the web pages of a web site on the client computer we need a web browser like Windows Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Opera or Mozilla firebox.

Once you have connected on Internet, you can browse web sites. To open the internet browser on your computer, follow these steps.
a) Double click the browser name on the Desktop.
b) It opens browser screen. Type web site address on the Address bar.
c) Click on Go button or Press Enter key. It opens home page of the web site on the screen.
d) If you want to find out some information then you have to open web sites like www.yahoo.com, www.mns.com or www.google.com. The web sites are called Search Engines.
e) In the search box, type the worlds what you want to search and press Enter key.


2. Electronic Mail (E-mail)
E-mail is a fast, economical and convenient way of sending and receiving mails through the Internet. To send or receive E-mail you need program like Outlook Express, Microsoft Outlook, or Eudora. When you send E-mails, the E-mails will store on the recipient’s mail box. The E-mail address of local E-mail is like given below.
abc@mos.com.np
If you have internet E-mail account in hotmail, yahoo or gmail then you can open and compose an E-mail directly from the related web site. The E-mail address of internet E-mail is like given below.
abc@yahoo.com

Some advantages of E-mails are listed below.
i. High Speed: Message can be sent at a very fast speed.
ii. Low Cost: Sending or receiving electronic message is cheap.
iii. Reliability: Once the message is sent from the source computer, it will definitely be delivered. If there is any error in sending message, you will immediately be informed about the failure of delivery.
iv. Content: Any form of data like text, pictures, audio or video can be sent through E-mail.

a) Creating an E-mail Account
To use the E-mail service of any website, a user must have an E-mail account on the web site. The following web sites provide e-mail services to users.
- www.hotmail.com
- www.yahoo.com
- www.gmail.com
- www.rediffmail.com

To create an E-mail account, follow these procedures.
i. Load a web site that provides E-mail service. For example, type www.yahoo.com in the address bar of a internet browser and press Enter key. You will see the home page of the web site.
ii. Click on Mail icon. It opens a web page that allows a new user to create his/her mail account.
iii. Click on Sign Up button. It opens a page having Registration form.
iv. Fill up all the necessary detail in the given text boxes.
v. Read ‘Terms of service’ and click on the I Agree Button.

The confirmation page appears which displays your E-mail ID. Now you can send or receive E-mails.

b) Opening an E-mail Account
When you open your E-mail account, you can view mails on the Inbox and compose mails. To open your E-mail account, follow these procedures.
i. Open internet browser.
ii. Type the address of the website in which you have the E-mail account. For example, type www.yahoo.com.
iii. Click on Mail icon. A web page appears which allows you to enter User Name and Password.
iv. Type the correct E-mail ID and password in the text boxes.
v. Click on Sign In button. A web page with your account appears on the screen.
vi. Now do one of the following.
 The received emails are stored in the Inbox, so to see the mails click on Inbox. You see the list of received mails, click any one of the link of the E-mail you want to view.
 To send an e-mail, click on Compose and it opens a page where you can type required messages. Type the E-mail address of the recipient on the To box and click on Send button. The E-mail is delivered to the recipient in a few seconds.

c) Signing Out from an E-mail account
When you finish checking your E-mail accounts, you need to exit from your E-mail account. The process of exiting from the E-mail account is known as logging out or signing out. It prevents any possible misuse of the E-mail account. To sign out of an account, click on Sign Out button.

3. Chat
You can send instant message to your friends or family through the chat. You can chat with those friends which are currently on the line. To use the chatting service, you need to have a chat program or a messenger installed in your computer. The two popular Instant messengers are Yahoo Messenger and MSN Messenger.

4. Video Conference
Video Conference is one of the most advanced services of Internet. Video Conference enables virtual face-to-face communication among people sitting at different locations. Two persons from different places can talk as if they are sitting in front of each other, seeing each other, using video conferencing. Nowadays, video conferencing is used mostly in big companies, TV shows, etc.

5. Downloading
Downloading is the process getting files, programs, information from a remote computer through Internet into a client computer. There are many web sites that provide downloading. You can download images, text, songs, movie clips, games, etc. from the web sites. Downloading files become easy when you use special software called Downloader. Some popular downloaders are Download Accelerator Plus (DAP), Nitro Downloader, Internet Download Manager, etc.

6. E-commerce
Buying and selling goods through Internet is known as Electronic Commerce. There are some special web sites which provide facilities to users for purchasing goods through Internet. Buying goods through Internet is very easy and simple. Some of the popular E-commerce sites are www.muncha.com, www.kinmel.com.np, www.bitarak.com.np, www.ebay.com, www.amazon.com, etc.

TYPES OF NETWORKing DEVICE AND ITS CONTAINS

NETWORK DEVICE

To set a network of computers, different network devices are used. The network devices are required for the smooth functioning of networks. Some network devices are listed below.
1. Network Interface Card
2. Transmission Media
3. Hub
4. Switch
5. Modem
6. Connector

1. Network Interface Card (NIC)
A Network Interface Card is a networking device which is a circuit board or network adapter that physically connects a computer with a network cable. Network Interface Card is needed to be physically plugged in the one of the expansion slots of a motherboard. The NIC contains connection ports for either coaxial or twisted pair cables or both. Each NIC attached with a computer is assigned a unique identification numbers called node address. A node address of a NIC helps you to identify a computer on the network.

2. Transmission Media (Communication Channel)
Transmission media is types of networking device. The communication channel provides the physical path through which data and information flow on a network. The transmission media may be Bounded media and Unbounded media.
The bounded media are connected cables. The cable used in LAN, may be Twisted-pair cable (Unshielded Twisted pair and Shield Twisted pair), Co-axial cable, and Fiber optic cable.
Unbounded transmission media are used for wireless communications. The unbounded transmission media may be Radio Wave, Microwave, Infrared, Laser, Bluetooth and Satellite.

3. Hub
A Hub is a computer networking device that joins multiple computers or other network devices together to form a segment of computer network. A Hub looks like a small rectangular box which has a series of connecting ports. Each port accepts one end of network cable running from a computer. When a Hub receives a packet (chunk) of data at one of its ports from a PC on the network, it simply transmits (repeats) the packet to all computers on the network including the one that originally sent the packet through its ports. So, a Hub is also referred as a multi-port repeater. A Hub is suitable only for the small network where the network has less than 30 users.

4. Switch
A Switch is a computer networking device that connects computers other network devices or LAN segments. A Switch appears nearly identical to network hub. A switch is capable of inspecting data packets as they are received and can determine source and destination device of that packets. Switch transmits the packets to the right computer through the port only. As the network switch transmits the electric signals only to the concerned computer on the network, it reduces the amount of unnecessary network traffic and offers generally better performance than a hub.

5. Modem
A Modem (Modulator Demodulator) is a networking device that enables a computer to transmit data, information and files through a telephone line. Simply you can say a Modem is such a networking device that connects computers on the network through telephone lines. A computer generates only digital signals and these signals can’t be transmitted through the telephone line. A telephone line can pass only analog signals. So, a modem of sender computer converts digital signals into analog signals and transmits to a receiver computer where the modem of the receive computer converts the analog signals back to digitals signals.

6. Connectors
A Connector is a device that is used to join cables or to join a cable to a network device/computer. There are verities of connectors. According to the cable and a network device we need to use a correct connector. Each kind of cable uses different connectors. BNC (Bayonet Naur Connector), T-Connector, Terminator and RJ-45 connector are commonly used in networking.

COMPUTER NETWOKS TYPES-LAN;MAN;WAN AND ITS AREA

Depending on the coverage area of Network, it is divided in three types.
They are:
a) Local Area Network (LAN)
b) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
c) Wide Area Network (WAN)

a) Local Area Network (LAN)
A computer network that is spread in a small local area is known as Local Area Network (LAN). The network of computers within a room, building or campus is Local Area Network. Computers in a LAN are usually connected with cables. So, the data transmission speed is very high in a LAN. Now-a-days, wireless media are used to connect computers on the network. The type of LAN where wireless media are used is called Wireless LAN or WLAN.

b) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A computer network, that is bigger than LAN and smaller than WAN, is Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). The network of computers within a city or in between neighboring cities is MAN. There may be large numbers of LANs in a MAN. The cable television (CATV) of the city is the example of MAN.

c) Wide Area Network (WAN)
The network of computers within a country or continents is known as Wide Area Network (WAN). The WAN links computers of the country with computers of other countries like India, America, Japan, etc. The WAN covers the very large geographical area i.e. the whole world. The WAN can have many MANs and LANs. The Internet is an example of WAN.


INTRANET
An intranet is a private computer network owned by a company or an organization and is accessible only to its employees. It uses internet protocols, network connectivity and telecommunication system to share a part of the organization’s information or operations with its employees. The features of the intranet are:
i. Intranet runs on private networks within a company and among its branch offices.
ii. Intranet is closely related to the Internet.
iii. Intranet serves as a powerful tool for communication within an organization.
iv. Intranet helps the employees to quickly find and view information and applications relevant to their roles and responsibilities within the organization.

COMPUTER NETWORK AND SHARING

INTRODUCTION:

The word ‘Network’ refers to an interconnected system. The network of roads within a country connects different cities of the country. The network of telephones connects telephone system of the country. Many telephones are connected with each other by means of telephone wires in the telephone network. In the same way, we can connect two or more computers of the same place or different places. To connect computers of near by places we use cable other wireless media. Computers of far places can be connected through some media such as telephones lines, radio wave, communication satellite, etc. Such an interconnection of computers is known as Computer Network.

Computer Network refers to the group of computers which are interconnected to each other by means of transmission media like cables or without cables. A computer network may have one or more server computers and client computers. The server computer on the network acts as the storehouse and distributor for the data, information and programs. The server computer also provides facilities of sharing hardware to the computers on the network. A server computer uses network operating software like Window NT Server, Novel Netware Server, UNIX, LINUX etc. The other computers on the networks are workstations. The workstation is also known as Client computers. The workstations use the resources provided by the server computer.

When computers are on the network they can transfer data, information and programs among themselves. Computer network made it possible to book an airplane ticket, reserve the room in hotel, purchase goods and much more. Offices, Organizations, Companies, Universities etc. Keep their computers on the network for the following reasons.
a. To share computer hardware like printer, scanner etc.
b. To share data, information and programs.
c. To send or receive message i.e. to communicate with each other.


ADVANTAGES OF NETWORK
The main purpose of computer network in for data communicate but one can benefit the following advantages from the computer network.

a. Data and information sharing
The main advantage of computer network is sharing data and information. While working in a computer you may need to share data and information with other person. If you are using a stand-alone computer, you have to copy data and information on a portable storage device or take hardcopy output and send it to the required person. This process needs some portable storage devices, papers, a printer and one additional person to carry the potable storage devices or printouts. In a network environment, data and information stored on computers can be shared with each other. You don’t need portable storage devices, papers, printers and additional person to carry portable storage devices or printouts.

b. Hardware Sharing
Computers on a network can their hardware resources. Network is impractical for each computer of an office, or an organization to have computer hardware like laser printer, scanner, fax machine, etc. A printer connected with one of the computers on the network can be used by any other computers on the network. Similarly other resources which can be shared on a network are scanners, hard disk, modem, CD-drives and fax machine.

c. Software Sharing
In a network environment, software resources can be shared effectively among the computer on the network. In stand-along environment, the software to be used must be present on each computer. It is time consuming to install and configure the software individually on each computer. In a network environment, the software can be centrally installed and configured on a server and be used on other computers on the network. A computer on the network can legally share the copies of software with other computers on the network.

d. Communication facilities
Network users can send or receive instant message to each other at vary fast speed.

e. Security
Only an authorized user can access the resources of network. Normally, there are at least two servers (Primary Domain and Secondary Domain) on a network. These server computers centrally stored data, information, files and software. By mistakes or accidentally if data and files are deleted then they can be recovered easily from one of them.

f. Cost Factor
The sharing of hardware and software reduce economic burden. Messages can be sent and received at economic price.

MULTIMEDIA EXPRESS

The world ‘MULTIMEDIA’ is made up of two words: ‘Multi’ and ‘Media’. The word ‘multi’ refers to more than one and the word ‘media’ refers to the way through which one can express information. There are many different media to communicate information. The different media used to communicate information are text, audio, video, picture and animation. The information can be presented more effectively and understandable way by using more than one medium.

Multimedia is technology of presenting information in more attractively, interesting, interactive and understandable manner, different media like text, pictures, videos, sounds and animations are used in a multimedia. So, multimedia is the communication of more than on medium which present information in more interesting, interactive and understandable ways. Many software companies, institutes, training, centers etc. have developed interactive multimedia. It is an interactive multimedia, there is provision of reading, learning, writing saving information of a subject at the user desired time as well as the user can text him/her knowledge on a subject within the specified time frame. Since the compact disk is only of the chipset, portable and high storage disk. So, multimedia are available in compact disk are these CDs are called Multimedia CD. Encyclopedia, Tutorial CDs, TOFEL CD, etc are example of interactive multimedia compact discs.

To use the multimedia application, a computer should have all the necessary hardware and software which can handle more than one media. A computer which can handle or present more than one medium (text, audio. Images, video and animation) simultaneously is known as multimedia computer or multimedia system. The multimedia computer should have sound card, speaker, microphone, high resolution, monitor high speed microprocessor, large RAM capacity, high capacity hard disk and CD or DVD drive. Except these to capture movies or pictures from external devices like TV, VCR or camcorder, it should have video player, Microsoft power point, Xing player, power DVD, macromedia Flash, photo shop, 3D Max, Maya etc., to handle those media.


COMPONENT OF MULTIMEDIA
To convey information effectively all the components of multimedia must be used properly. The components of multimedia are text, audio, Images, video and animation.

a. Text
Text is the primary component of multimedia. Most of the information is conveyed through the text. The used of different styles, fronts and colors can be used to emphasize the texts. Text can be combined with the other media in the powerful and meaningful ways to present information.

b. Pictures
A computer can digitize and handles picture and graphic. Images created in different applications can be stored in a computer as TIF (Tagged Images File), BMP (Bitmap), GIF (Graphic Interchange Format), WMF (Windows metafile Format), JPEG (Join Photographic Expect Groups) file formats. Pictures or graphics play a key role in multimedia. Presenting information using text and images media give concept than presenting information using only using text medium. Pictures help in explaining concepts through illustrations and charts. The information presented by using texts and pictures media retain for a long times in the memory than that of the text medium.

c. Sound
Sound is very important aspect of multimedia. Computers are digital technology have changed the quality of music considerably. Digital music is used to produce special music and sound effects, which are used not only to accompany animation but also to increase interactivity with the user.

d. Animation
Animation refers to simulation of movements created by displaying a serial of pictures one after the other. Animation can explain a procedure more accurately than that of movie. Nowadays animations are mostly used to explain how did anything happen. For example the germination of plant can explained more clearly through animation. Cartoons such as Pokemon, Tom and Jerry, Donald duck, Power Puff Girls example of computer animation.

e. Video
Video refers to pictures in motion. Video is the excellent way to convey messages to the user in a limited time. Video also increases the retention of information for a long time in the memory of people.

MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE
The following table lists the different multimedia software and their uses in various application fields.
Name of Multimedia Software-------------------------------Application Fields
1. Adobe PhotoShop----------------------------------------Creating Graphics.
2. Macromedia Flash, Animator----------------------------Creating 2D animations.
3. 3D Studio Max----------------------------------------------Creating 3D animations.
4. Microsoft PowerPoint----------------------------------------Creating Presentations

ADVANTAGES OF MULTIMEDIA
These are some advantages of multimedia.
1. One can present ideas, information to others in effective ways.
2. Using multimedia technology, a subject can be taught in interesting and effective ways in the classroom.
3. Students can learn, read and test his/her knowledge using multimedia technology.
4. A country can be used multimedia technology to uplift tourism sector of a country.
5. Games and movies are made more realistic using multimedia technology.
6. Electronic advertising can be made more interesting.
7. In video songs, one can put animations.

APPLICATION OF MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY

Multimedia technology is used in games, learning software, reference materials like encyclopedia, movies, web pages, advertisement, virtual reality and some others fields.

a. Multimedia in Education and Training

The use of multimedia in education is increasing rapidly. Multimedia in education’s power to present information in creative ways has led to the creation of rich learning environments. Multimedia enables students to grasp the concept easily and quickly. In addition, students retain the information for longer time. Educational Multimedia CD i.e. CAL (Computer Assisted Learning) helps students to learn different subjects. The use of sound, pictures and video enables the students to observe a real world situation which is just not possible with the more conventional methods of instruction. For examples, using Flight Stimulators aircraft pilots are trained to control aircrafts.

b. Multimedia in Business

Nowadays multimedia is used in almost every aspect of business. To convey and present information about business or products multimedia is used in business. Some of the uses are given below.

- Interactive training: Organizations use multimedia to provide interactive training programs to their employees through a network or CDs.

- Video Conferencing: Video Conferencing enables virtual face-to-face communication among people sitting at different locations. All locations simultaneously receive the audio, video, or data that the location transmits.

c. Multimedia in Advertising

With the use of multimedia advertisers find new and creative ways of advertising and marketing products. Everything that the human mind imagination can be presented realistically through the use of multimedia. This means that for advertisers who use this technology, there is no limit to the number of ways in which they can advertise a given product.

d. Multimedia in Games and Movies

Multimedia is used in video games. There are many interesting video games like Snake and Ladder, Prince of Persia, PC-Man etc., where multimedia technology is used.

In many movies, special effects are kept with the help of multimedia technology which is not possible without it. For example, Terminator, Titanic, Start Wars, Jurassic Park, King Kong, Godzilla etc. are some English movies where special effects are used. Similarly, in video and audio songs multimedia technology is used to put some special effects.

e. Multimedia in Internet

Multimedia technology is widely used in Internet. Information in websites are presented beautifully using multimedia technology.

VIRTUAL REALITY

Virtual Reality is an artificial environment created with the computer hardware and software and presented to the user in such a way that it appears real. To enter virtual reality, a user puts on special gloves, earphones and goggles, all of which receive inputs from the computer system. Today, virtual reality is primarily used in the entertainment industry but it is going to be very useful tool for simulation purposes and remote control applications. However, virtual reality systems require extremely expensive hardware and software.

MICROSOFT WINDOWS OF GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

Microsoft window is an operation system. An operation system is a program that tells the computer how to work. Operation system makes the hardware of the computer functions. Operation system manages the input, output, memory, storage and retrieval of data.

GUI based operation system

Windows operation system is user friendly i.e. Windows operation is easy for anyone to use windows operation system. We do not have to remember the commands. We communicate with the computer using symbols and graphic.

GUI stands for Graphic User Interface. A GUI based operation system is a program. GUI uses icons, menus, dialog boxes and windows to display information on screen. Windows in such GUI based operation system. It allows the user to select and click items with the help of the mouse.

In Windows, different programs are represented graphically be icons, so we can easily recognize programs. It is very easy to use windows because of this. That is why, windows is called Graphical User Interface (GUI). This feature of windows made it very popular and user friendly.
MS-Windows 98, MS-Windows 2000, Windows XP etc. are some GUI based operation system.

Starting Windows …………
1) Connect the main power chord from the back of the CPU to the main plug (on the wall).
2) Switch on the main power socket and then the computer. Wait for sometime until Windows fully gets loaded and shows the windows desktop on the screen (as shows below). Now, you are ready to use windows.

The Desktop
What do we usually have on our desk? Papers, pens, pencils, books, etc. Similarly, desktop in Windows is what we see on the screen, when windows get loaded on the computer. Desktop is the screen with icons and a taskbar at the bottom with a start button on the left.

Icons
Icons are small pictures on the desktop that represent various programs or programs files.

Taskbar
The bar which is located at the bottom of the windows desktop is called as the taskbar. It shows the names of the programs items that we have minimized. The programs which we are not working currently can be minimized by clicking the minimized button ( _ ) through we can continue working with the current application.
The taskbar also contains the start button. We can click on the start button and get other menus from which we can run different programs.

PRINCIPLE OF KEYS OF THE KEYBAORD

The Keys can be classified as given below:

1. Alphabetic Keys:
All the letters or alphabets from A-Z or a-z are the alphabetic keys. Alphabetic keys are used to type words, sentences, paragraphs etc.
Example: Q E R T Y U I O P
A S D F G H J K L
Z X C V B N M

2. Numeric Keys:
Numeric Keys are those, on which numbers are printed. Numeric Keys are used to type the numeric information like age, phone number, postal code etc.
Example: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

3. Cursor Movement Keys:
Cursor is a flashing point on the screen that indicates the location, where the next character will appear. Cursor movement keys help the cursor to be moved to the position where you want to type the information.
a. Up arrow (↑): moves the cursor one line up.
b. Down arrow (↓): moves the cursor one line down.
c. Right arrow (→): moves the cursor towards the right.
d. Left arrow (←): moves the cursor towards the left.

4. Symbolic Keys:
Symbolic keys are used to give symbolic information to the computer and carry out different functions. Symbolic keys appear above the numbers 0, 1, 2 …………The Shift key is used to type them.
Example: ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( )

5. Special keys:
Three are different special keys present on the keyboard. Each of them have their own special function.

i. Control keys: Ctrl
Control keys used along with some other keys to carry out different functions according to different software used. E.g. Ctrl + X will cut the selected text in MS-Word

ii. Alternate key: Alt
The Alt key is also used along with some other keys to carry out different functions. E.g. if you just press the Alt key, menu will be activated in any menu based program.

iii. Delete key: Del
Delete key is used to delete one character right to the cursor position. E.g. if the cursor is in between the alphabet P and O of the word POT, pressing the delete key will erase the alphabet O

iv. Back space key: ← Backspace
The Back space key removes one character to the left of the cursor position. E.g. if the cursor is between the alphabet P and O of the word POT, pressing the backspace key will erase the alphabetic P

v. Enter key: Enter
When the enter key is pressed, the information typed is sent to the computer’s memory for processing. It also indicates the end of the program.
Ctrl + Alt + Del
These three keys are pressed together to restart the computer.

vi. Shift key: Shift
The Shift key is used along with the other alphabetic keys to produce capital letters (when caps lock is off). It is also used to produce the special keys (upper character of the key).E.g.
Shift + m = M
Shift + 6 = ^

vii. Num lock key: Num Lock
If the Num lock is OFF, the numeric keys on the numeric keypad (present on the right hand side of the keyboard) is used for cursor movement. But if it is ON, it is used to type the numbers of the numeric keypad. Num lock can be toggled i.e. it can be made ON or OFF by pressing it alternatively.

viii. Caps lock key: Caps Lock
This is also a toggle key. That is, the caps lock key when turned ON (light can be seen when ON) types the letter in capital letters. When it is OFF, letters are typed in small letters.

ix. Insert key: Insert
Insert is used to type a character in between the characters they are already typed. When it is OFF (insert OFF), the text matter on the right hand side will automatically Shift towards the right and adjust the new character typed.

Home
Home key moves the cursor to the beginning of the line.

End
End key moves the cursor to the end of the line.

Esc
The Escape key is used to cancel the command.

Page up
Page up key moves one page up i.e. moves the current page upward and the lower page appears on the screen.

Page down
Page down key moves the current page down by one page and thus the upper page appears on the screen.

Print screen
Print key prints the text appearing on the screen.

Pause
The scrolling of the screen is paused, when this key is pressed.

Tab
Tab key helps the cursor jump at a definite position in the line.

6. Functional keys:
They are used to issue or give common commands. They lie at the top row of the keyboard.
Example: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12

WORKING IN DOS ENVIRONMENT

Disk Operating System in a Command Line Interface (CLI) based operating system introduced by Microsoft Cooperation in 1981. Disk Operating System was developed for IMB PC.
Nowadays Disk Operating System is not used in computer. Disk Operating System has been replaced by GUI based operating system. But still GUI based operating system provides facilities of MS-DOS commands. There are some programs they are still based on CLI.

To get the DOS environment i.e. Command prompt in the computer having operating system like Windows 98 or Windows XP, follows these steps.

• Click on start menu.
• Point to all programs, Accessories.
• Click command prompt option.

You can also get DOS prompt (Command Prompt) where you follow these steps.

• Click on start button.
• Click on Run command. It open Run dialog box.
• Type command in the text box if OS is Window 98.

Or,

• Type cmd in the text box if OS is Windows XP.

In Dos environment, a folder is known as a Directory.

MS-DOS Commands
There are many DOS commands but you will learn very few DOS commands. Every DOS command has its syntax that tells how to write a command in proper order.

1. DIR Command
This command lists all the files and sub-directories of a drive or a directory.
Syntax:
DIR [Drive:][path][filename][/P][/S][/A][:] [Attributes][/O]
Where,
[drive:][path][filename] -------- Specifies drive, directory and files to list.
/P ----------------------------------- Pauses after the each screen full display.
/S ----------------------------------- Displays contents of subdirectories.
/O ----------------------------------- List files in sorted order.
The sorted orders are:
D ------------------------------------ by date and time
E ------------------------------------ by extension
N ------------------------------------ by name
S ------------------------------------ by file size
/A ----------------------------------- Display files with specified attributes.
The attributes are:
D ----------------------------------- Directories
R ----------------------------------- Read only files
H ----------------------------------- Hidden files
S ----------------------------------- System files

Examples:
C:\> DIR
This command lists all the files and directories in the drive C:.

C:\> DIR C:\Documents and Settings
This command lists all the files and directories of Documents and Setting directory.

C:\> DIR QBASIC
This command lists all the files and directories of QBASIC directory.

C:\> DIR/P
This command lists files of drive C pausing after a screenful display.

C:\> WINDOWS>DIR SYSTM\*.INI
Displays files having .INI extension of SYSTEM subdirectory of WINDOWS directory of drive C:

Note:
- A root directory is the initial directory or main directory. The disk drive is indicated as C: or D: which is called root directory.
- Asterisk (*) and question mark (?) are known as wild cards in MS-DOS.
- The asterisk (*) represents one or more characters in a file whereas question mark represents only one character in a file.


2. CD or CHDIR command
This command changes directory from one directory to another.
Syntax:
CD [drive:]
Or
CD … or CD\
Where,
Drive: refers to disk drive like C:, D: or A:
Path: refers to directory.

Examples:
C:\>Documents and Settings\Ratna> CD\
The prompt change to C:\>. It directly changes from any directory to the root directory.

C:\> Nepal>CD….
The prompt changes to C:\>. This indicates that now the working directory is drive C:.

C:\> CD QBASIC
Changes directory to QBASIC of drive C: i.e. C:\QBASIC>. Now QBASIC is the working directory.


3. CLS command
This command clear the screen.
Syntax: CLS


4. MD command
MD command is used to create a directory in a disk.
Syntax: MD [drive:]path

Examples:
C:\> MD Nepal
Creates a directory name Nepal in drive C.

C:\> QBASIC>MD Class
Creates a directory name Class in QBASIC directory of drive C.

C:\> Nepal>MD Koshi
Create a Koshi directory in Nepal directory of drive C.


5. RD command
This command removes an empty directory from a disk.
Syntax: RD[drive:]

Examples:
C:\> RD GAME
Deletes a directory name GAME from the root directory of drive C.

C:\> RD C:\Work\Homework
Deletes a directory Homework from Work directory of drive C.


6. DEL or ERASE command
DEL or ERASE command deletes a file or group of files.
Syntax:
DEL [drive:][path]filename

Examples:
C:\DEL C:\Windows\Temp*.*
Deletes all the files of Temp subdirectory of Windows directory of drive C.

C:\QBASIC>DEL A*.BAS
Deletes all files whose name start with ‘A’ and have extension. BAS from QBASIC directory of drive C.


7. REN or RENAME command
This command renames a file.
Syntax:
REN [drive:][path] old_filename New_filename

Examples:
C:\>REN Nepal.TXT NewNepal.TXT
Renames Nepal.TXT of drive C as NewNepal.TXT.

C:\>REN QBASIC\DIGITSUM.BAS NUMSUM.BAS
Renames DIGITUM.BAS of QBASIC of drive C as NUMSUM.BAS


8. TYPE command
This command displays the contents of a file.
Syntax:
TYPE[drive:] [path]filename

Examples:
C:\>TYPE BABU.txt
Displays the contents of BABU.txt file of drive C.

C:\>QBASIC>TYPE NUMSUM.BAS
Displays the contents of NUMSUM.BAS file of QBASIC directory of drive C.


9. COPY command
This command creates a duplicate of the original files.
Syntax:
COPY[Source-drive:][path]filename [Target_drive:][path]

Examples:
C:\>COPY NAYADESH.TXT D:\
Copies NAYADESH.TXT file of drive C to drive D.

C:\>COPY C:\QBASIC\*.BAS D:\
Copies all files having .BAS extension of QBASIC directory of drive C to drive D.


10. EXIT command
The EXIT command is used to exit from MS-DOS and return to Windows XP.
Syntax: EXIT

Examples:
C:\>EXIT
This exits from DOS environment.

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE OR FREE SOFTWARE

INTRODUCTION

Open Source Software (OSS), also called Free Software (FS), are programs whose General Public Licenses (GPLs) give users the freedom to run the program for any purpose, to study and modify the program, and to redistribute copies of either the original or modified program (without having to pay royalties to previous developers). Some OSS/FS software are good and some are technically poor. Good software may also not fit as your specific needs. OSS/FS users have control over the software. So, they can modify and maintain OSS as their needs.

Since freeware are also freeware for the users, it is not OSS/FS. A freeware is proprietary software that is available to the computer users without any cost and does not provide the rights in examine, modify, and redistribute the program’s sources code. Ni the case of proprietary (close source) software, the software company completed controls the product. The company hides security holes and fundamental flaws from the users. The users are not allowed to modify the programs to suit their own needs. This type of monopoly is removed in open source software, where anybody can or change the software for their own needs.

Advantages of Open Sources of Software
The advantages of open source software are listed below.

1. One of the major advantages of open source software is the availability of the source code and the right to modify it. open source software enables the unlimited turning and improvement of a software product. Sources code availability also makes it much easier to isolate bugs, and (for a programmer) to fix them.
2. The users have the right to redistribute modifications and improvements to the code.
3. The users have the right to use the software in any way.
4. There is no single entity on which the future of the software depends. In the case of proprietary software, it the software manufacturer closes or decides to discontinue development of the product, no one has right to take the program and continue development on it. Open sources software effectively protects against this, because if the group or company that originated the codes decides to stop development, it is always possible to fund another software group to continue the maintenance and improvement, without neither legal nor practical limitations.

Disadvantages of Open Source of Software

1. Only the programmers can modify the source codes of open source software as their needs.
2. Since there is no company or groups responsible for the development for the open source software. So, there is no guarantee that development will happen.
3. There may be significant problems connected to intellectual property.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE and UTILITY SOFTWARE

Application Software

Application Software is the specific that can do specified application. Application Software is designed to fulfill the requirement to people. Application Software enables a computer to perform a specific task such as handling financial accounting, processing words, preparing exam result, producing bills, manipulating images and videos, etc. Application Software does its tasks with the help of operating system. There are two types of Application Software. They are:
a. Packaged Software
b. Customized or Tailored Software

a. Packaged Software
Packaged Software is the ready made software developed for all general users to perform their generalized tasks. Software companies use to develop packaged software. Some commonly used packages are given below:

Word Processing Software: used for creating documents.
Examples:- MS-Word, Aldus PageMaker, Word Perfect, etc.

Electronic Spreadsheet Software: used for keeping accounts and do calculations.
Examples:- MS-Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, etc

Database Management System Software: used for database management.
Examples:- MS-Access, Dbase, FoxPro, Sybase, SQL Server, Oracle, etc.

Graphics Software: used for creating and manipulating images.
Examples:- CorelDraw, Paintbrush, PhotoShop etc.

Multimedia Software: used for designing multimedia.
Examples:- 3D Max, Maya, Flash, PowerPoint, Windows Media Player, etc.

b. Customized or Tailored Software
Customized or Tailored Software is the application software which is designed to fulfill the specific requirements of an organization, office or individual. Customized or Tailored Software is used for the organization, office or person for whom it is developed. SLC Result Processing Software, Hospital Management Software, School Management Software, Bill Processing Software, Air Ticket Reservation Software, Banking software etc. customized software. Reservation software, Banking software etc. are customized software.


Utility Software
Utility Software is the helpful software that performs specific tasks related to the maintenance of computer hardware and data. Utility Software helps to keep a computer in the smooth functioning condition. Utility Software provides facilities for performing tasks like transferring data and file, recovering lost data and file, searching and removing computer viruses, disk management etc. PC Tools, Download Accelerator (DAP), SplitFile, Anti Viruses, WinZip, WinRaR, Defrag, Norton Disk Doctor (NDD), Register Cleaner, History Cleaner, etc. are some examples of Utility Software.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE OF COMPUTER

System software refers to a set of programs that are designed to control the operations of a system. The system software helps all parts of a computer to work together. System software controls all internal operation like reading data from input devices, transmitting information to output devices, checking the components of a computer, etc. System software provide environment for application software in order to run on the computer.
System software may be:
a. Language Processor
b. Operation System Software

a. Language Processor
A computer can only understand instructions written in machine language (i.e. 0s and 1s) directly. However, writing programs in the machine language is very difficult. Therefore, many programming languages have been developed for instructing computers. The process of writing set of instructions in a computer language is called programming. The programs written in assembly and high level languages are needed to translate into machine language so that the computer can understand them.

A Language Processor is a program that converts programs written in any other language into machine language. Language Processor is also known as Translator. The process of converting a program written in a high level or assembly language into machine language is known as Decoding or Translating.
There are three types of Language Processor. They are:
i. Assembler
ii. Interpreter
iii. Compiler

i. Assembler
Assembler is a language processor that translates programs written in assembly language into machine language. A symbolic program written by a programmer in assembly language is called a source program or source code. After the source program has been converted into machine language by an assembler, is referred as an object program or object code.

ii. Interpreter
Interpreter is a program translator that translates programs written in a high level language into machine language. Interpreter translates one statement of a program at a time into machine code and directs to the CPU. After the execution of the first statement, it translates the second statement of a program into machine code and executes it. The translation and execution of each statement of a program is carried out one by one. If any one is found in a statement while translation of a statement, it immediately displays the error message and stops the execution of the program. GWBASIC, QBASIC, LOGO, LISP, etc. are high level languages those use interpreter.

iii. Compiler
Compiler is a language processor that converts program written in a high level language into machine language. The compiler reads whole program at a time and converts it into machine language. A program written by a programmer in a high level language is known as source code or source program. The code that we get after the program is complied by the compiler is known as object code. The process of converting source code into object code is known as compilation. During the compilation of a program errors are listed if they are found.


QuickBasic, Visual Basic, C, C++, Java, etc. are high level programming languages those use compiler.

b. Operating system Software
Operating system Software is the system that controls and manages the overall operation of a computer. Operating system Software is the first software that is loaded into the computer memory (RAM) when you switch on PC on. Operating system Software controls hardware and application software. Operating system Software acts as an interface between the user and the computer or between software and the hardware. Operating system Software provides the environment in which you interact with your computer and application software. Operating system Software is responsible for the smooth and efficient operation of the computer system. Operating system Software is basic requirement of a computer. Without operating system on the computer, we cannot operate the computer.
The main functions of an operating system are given below.

• Operating system controls and manages the hardware present in the computer like microprocessor, input and output devices, etc.
• Operating system manages computer memory (RAM). Operating system assigns the memory to various programs when required and then makes the memory free after the program is not in use.
• Operating system manages files and application programs on a variety of storage media. Operating system performs file related operations such as copying, deleting, moving, and so on.
• Operating system manages software resources of the computer system.
• Operating system create environment to run other software like MS-Word, MS-PowerPoint, Macromedia Flash etc.
• Operating system notifies the user about system errors or errors the encounter during program execution.

Microsoft Disk Operating system errors (MS-DOS), Microsoft Windows 95, Microsoft Windows 98, windows XP, Windows Vista, Apple Macintosh, IBM OS/2, UNIX and LINUX are some examples of operation systems.

Classification of operation system
According to the number of users, operating systems are classified into two types.

a) Single User Operating System
A Single User Operation System is designed to manage a computer so that only one user can work on it at a time. MS-DOS, Windows 98, Windows XP are some examples of Single User Operation System.

b) Multi User Operation System
A Multi User Operation System allows more than one user to access and share the computer system at the same time. UNIX, Windows NT, Windows 2000 Server, Novell Netware etc. are examples of Multi User Operation System.

According to the interfaces, operating systems are classified into two types.
(i) Command Line Interface (CLI) based Operating System
In Command Line Interface (CLI) based Operating System, users are required to type commands to perform any task. MS-DOS and Novell Netware are CLI based operating system.

(ii) Graphical User Interface (GUI) based Operating System
In Graphical User Interface (GUI) based Operating System, icons, buttons, dialog boxes, etc. are provided to interact with the computer. Windows families of operating systems like Windows 95, Windows XP and Windows Vista are GUI based operating systems.

SOFTWARE OF THE COMPUTER ACT AS BRAIN

Software is the invisible part of a computer that you cannot touch. A computer requires instructions to perform any task on the data. The set of instructions given to a computer to perform some tasks is known as a program. The program defines the instructions that a computer is to carry out. A program tells a computer what to do. Computer program directs a computer how to process and execute data. A person who writes a program is called a Programmer. Software is the collection of program that tells the computer to perform operations like input, processing and output.

Software acts like the brain and hardware acts like the body. So, without software a computer is like a human body without a brain. Software is a collection of programs or instructions, which are stored in disks. Software defines the instructions that the computer is to carry out. Software cannot be touched or felt but we can see the results that the hardware gets with its help. Hence, we can only feel its presence. Combined with it, the hardware becomes capable of doing any kind of job. So, the capability of the computer depends on its software. There are numerous software that are available in the market. Some examples of computer software are:
Ms-Word, Ms-Excel, Logo, Gw-basic, Qbasic, Ms-Access, PowerPoint, FoxPro etc.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
There are three types of software

1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Utility Software

HARDWARE OF THE COMPUTER ACT AS BODY

Computer Hardware refers to all the physical components of a computer. All the tangible parts of a computer are its physical components. Inside the system unit, you find the tangible parts like resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors, integrated circuits (IC) etc. on a motherboard, daughter boards, hard disk, ROM, RAM and others hardware components. Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Speaker etc. are the parts of the computer you can see from the outside. These all parts work only when they are connected in a certain order and get data and instructions.

All the parts of a computer system that can be touched or seen is called as hardware. That is, computer hardware includes all the physical parts of a computer. Each hardware part of the computer has different function. These parts are attached to one another in a certain order and they together make up the computer system (physical).

Types of Computer Hardware
The computer hardware are classified into four categories. These four categories are as:

1. Input device
2. Output device
3. System Unit
4. Storage device.

STORAGE DEVICE OR SECONDARY MEMORY

Secondary Memory is the external memory of a computer. Secondary Memory is also called Auxiliary memory or device. Since the RAM is not permanent, a computer system requires secondary memory to hold data and programs permanently. The CPU can not directly access data and programs of secondary memory. They first need to transfer into RAM before being used. Most widely used secondary storage devices are magnetic tapes, magnetic disk (Hard disk, floppy disk), optical disk (CD, DVD) and flash drive. These devices store data, information and programs permanently in the form of binary digits till we don’t erase them.

a) Hard Disk
Hard Disk is present inside the system unit. Hard disk is the main secondary storage device that stores large amount of data permanently. Hard disk is also called fixed disk. Hard disk stores operating system software of a computer, data and other applications software. Hard disk consists of many metal disks or platters coated with magnetic material that store data in tracks, which is further divided into sectors. The various capacities of Hard disks are available in the market. Nowadays hard disk of 1TB (Tera Byte) is available in the market.

b) Floppy Disk
A floppy disk is a portable storage device that stores data permanently. The floppy disk drive is used to read and write data on a floppy disk. Floppy disk may be mini floppy disk or micro floppy disk. The storage capacity of a Micro Floppy disk is 1.44 MB (Mega Byte) and of a Mini floppy disk is 1.2 MB. Floppy disk gets damaged easily. So, nowadays it is not used. Floppy disk is a thin plastic disk coated with magnetic material for storage of data or information. Floppy disk has a hard outer covering. Floppy disk is inserted into the disk drive while saving information into it or copying files into it. Thus, the file can be transferred into other computer.

c) Compact Disk/DVD
Compact Disk/Digital Video Disk stores huge amount of data permanently. The Compact Disk Drive (CD-ROM) is required to read data from a compact disk. A CD-RW drive is used to write data on blank CDs and delete, modify or add data on an already written CD-RW (CD-Rewritable). DVD Drive (DVD-ROM) is required to read the data from DVD (Digital Versatile Disk). DVD Writer allows you to read as well as write data on DVDs. The capacity of a compact disk is 700MB and DVD is 7 GB. CD/DVD is portable disk that can be used for transferring data and programs from one computer to another computer. Since CDs and DVDs are reliable storage devices they are also used for keeping backup copy of data and programs.

d) Pen Drive
Pen drive is also called Flash Drive. Pen drive is a portable device used for transferring data and programs from a computer to another computer. You can use a pen drive to copy data, songs, games and programs from one computer to another computer. Different storage capacities of pen drives (256 MB to 16 GB) are available in the market.

System Unit of computer

The parts of computers which are inside the System Casting are collectively known as System Unit. The system Unit of a computer contains all the important components. Some important parts of the System Unit are Motherboard, Microprocessor, Primary Memory and Power Supply Unit.

a) Motherboard
Motherboard, the printed circuit board (PCB), is the main circuit board in a computer. Motherboard contains computer chips and other electronic components which give function to a computer. Motherboard also contains a microprocessor, ROM, RAM slots, cache memory, keyboard interface, the timing circuits, the real time clock circuits, disk drive interfaces, and the expansion slots. These all components are connected through the use of traces or electric pathways. The pathways that carry data on the motherboard are called buses. None of the other circuit cards (daughter board or expansion board) can work without the motherboard. One can insert an expansion board like sound card, 3D-graphic card, TV card in the expansion slot in order to expand the computer’s capability. The motherboard is also called the system board.

b) Microprocessor
Microprocessor is an integrated circuit formed on a single chip. Each microprocessor has a fixed set of operations (i.e. instruction set) what it can perform. The instruction set of a microprocessor contains all the commands or instructions that it can understand and work on. A microprocessor executes instructions and carries out arithmetic and logical operations. So, it is known as the brain of the computer. The speed of a computer depends mainly upon its microprocessor. The microprocessor has three main parts.

1. Control Unit (CU)
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
3. Registers

All these work together to process the computer’s data.

• The Control Unit Controls the working of all parts of a computer. Control Unit controls the movement of data inside as well as outside the CPU. Control Unit communicates between registers and the ALU and between the CPU and the all the input, output and storage devices. Control Unit directs all the parts of the computer system to perform their tasks.
• The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and logical operation like greater than, less than, not equal etc.
• Registers are small memory units used to store immediate data, instructions and result while processing data.

c) Primary Memory
The primary memory (Main Memory) is the internal memory of a computer. Primary memory is a semiconductor-based memory which is on the motherboard of the computer. Primary memory operates at high speed and can communicate directly with the CPU. There are two types of primary memory.
i. Read Only Memory (ROM)
ii. Random Access Memory (RAM)

d) Power Supply Unit
Since a computer is an electronic device it needs electric power to run. The power drawn from the mains is not directly supplied to the parts of the computer. A system unit consists of a power supply unit which is called SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply). A SMPS of a computer converts the AC input of 220 volts into DC output of ± 12, ± 5 and ± 3.3 volts and supplies the required voltages through cables to the different parts of the computer like keyboard, motherboard, disk drives, etc.

WINDOWS-KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS

The following lists will guide you through some of the keyboard shortcuts that you can use with Windows.

Windows System Key Combinations

*F1: Help

*CTRL+ESC: Open start menu

*ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs

*ALT+F4: Quit program

*SHIFT +DELETE: Delete item permanently

*Mouse click/keyboard Modifier Combinations for shell objects

-SHIFT+ double click: Runs the alternate defaults command (the second item on the menu)

-ALT+ double click: Displays properties

-SHIFT+ Right click: Displays a shortcut menu containing alternative commands

-SHIFT+ DELETE: Deletes an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle Bin

General keyboard-Only commands

*F1: Start window Help

*F10: Activates menu bar options

*SHIFT+F10: Opens a shortcut menu for the selected item (this is the same as right-clicking an object)

*CTRL +ESC: Opens the start menu (use the ARROW keys to select an item)

*CTRL +ESC or ESC: Selects the start button (press TAB to select the taskbar, or press SHIFT +F10 for a context menu)

*ALT +DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box

*ALT +TAB: Switch to another running program (hold down the ALT key and then press the TAB key to view the task-switching window)

*SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the automatic-run feature

*ALT +SPACE: Displays the main window’s System menu (from the system menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window)

*ALT +-(ALT +hyphen): Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window’s System menu (from the MDI child window’s System menu, you can restore, move, minimize, maximize, or close the child window)

Shortcuts Keys

Window---------------------------------- function
CTRL +N----------------------------------- Open the New file dialog box
CTRL +O----------------------------------- Open the open file dialog box
CTRL +Z ----------------------------------- Undo an earlier command
CTRL +F----------------------------------- Open the find dialog box
CTRL +SHIFT+SPACEBAR--------------- Create a nonbrearing space
CTRL +HYPHEN-------------------------- Create a nonbreaking bold
CTRL +B----------------------------------- Make letter bold
CTRL +I ----------------------------------- Make letter Italic
CTRL +U----------------------------------- Make letter underline
CTRL +SHIFT+ <> ------------------------Increase font size
CTRL +Q ---------------------------------- Remove paragraph formatting
CTRL +SPACEBAR------------------------ Remove character formatting
CTRL +C -----------------------------------Copy the selected text or object
CTRL +X----------------------------------- Cut the selected text or object
CTRL +V----------------------------------- Paste text or an object
CTRL +Z ----------------------------------- Undo the last action
CTRL +Y----------------------------------- Redo the last action